F. Millet_;
Silvestre, _Histoire des Artistes vivants et etrangers_;
Strahan, _Modern French Art_; Thore, _L'Art Contemporain_;
Theuriet, _Jules Bastien-Lepage_; Van Dyke, _Modern French
Masters_.
THE REVOLUTIONARY TIME: In considering this century's art in Europe,
it must be remembered that a great social and intellectual change has
taken place since the days of the Medici. The power so long pent up in
Italy during the Renaissance finally broke and scattered itself upon
the western nations; societies and states were torn down and
rebuilded, political, social, and religious ideas shifted into new
garbs; the old order passed away.
[Illustration: FIG. 60.--DAVID. THE SABINES. LOUVRE.]
Religion as an art-motive, or even as an art-subject, ceased to obtain
anywhere. The Church failed as an art-patron, and the walls of
cloister and cathedral furnished no new Bible readings to the
unlettered. Painting, from being a necessity of life, passed into a
luxury, and the king, the state, or the private collector became the
patron.
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